List of Carbapenem (Meropenem or Imipenem or Ertapenem) Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Animals and Their Environment.

List of Carbapenem (Meropenem or Imipenem or Ertapenem, The last line antibiotics available for treatment) Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Animals and Their Environment

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319872796_List_of_Carbapenem_Meropenem_or_Imipenem_or_Ertapenem_Resistant_Bacteria_Isolated_at_Epidemiology_Laboratory_of_Indian_Veterinary_Research_Institute_Izatnagar_India_from_April_2011_to_August_2017_from

Over last six years (April 2011 to August 2017), of the 2968 bacterial isolates from different clinically sick animals and their environment tested for their antimicrobial sensitivity (by disc diffusion assay and E-test as per CLSI), 480 were resistant to carbapenem drugs (meropenem or imipenem or ertapenem). On the further characterization of the 480 carbapenem-resistant bacteria, 124 were phenotypically characterized as Metallo-B-lactamase (MBL) producers using double disc diffusion assay and E-Test (for imipenem and imipenem+EDTA) and 51 were genotypically confirmed carrying one or more known Carbapenemase genes (Table 1). Of the 51 genotypically MBL positive 43 [Aeromonas jandaei (Leopard 1), Aeromonas popoffii (Cattle 2), Aeromonas trota (Cattle 1), Budvicia aquatica (Dog 1), Citrobacter freundii (Hospital sewage 1), Edwardsiella ictaluri (Leopard 1), Enterobacter agglomerans (Human 1, Food 1), Escherichia coli (Cattle 5, Dogs 9, Leopards 6, Pigs 9, Deer 1, Tiger 1), Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica (Chicks 1), Staphylococcus felis (Cattle 1), Staphylococcus xylosus (Dog 1)] were confirmed to carry New Delhi Metallo-B-lactamase (NDM), one Acinetobacter lowffii carried Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenmase (KPC), two Shewanella sp. strains were positive for Verona integrom mediate carbapenemase (VIM), four strains (2 of Escherichia coli, one each of Aeromonas bestiarum and Raoultella terrigena) carried OXA beta-lactamases (OXA) and one E. coli strain had both NDM and OXA on the plasmid. Seventy-three strains (Achromobacter sp., 1; Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, 1; Aeromonas hydrophila, 1; Alcaligenes faecalis, 1; Citrobacter freundii, 1; Enterobacter agglomerans, 2; Enterobacter sp., 1; Escherichia coli , 23; Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae, 14; Proteus mirabilis, 9; Proteus vulgaris, 1; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 9; Pseudomonas sp., 2; Raoultella terrigena, 3; Roseomonas sp., 1; Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica, 1; Staphylococcus chromogenes, 1; Staphylococcus warneri, 1) were phenotypically MBL type but no MBL gene was detected using primers for reported genes (Table 2). Rest of the 356 carbapenem-resistant but negative for any of the known carbapenemase gene either genotypically or phenotypically belonged to more than 109 species of bacteria (Table 3).