Myths about the emergence of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) spread by Scientists

 Myths about the emergence and Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in India were spread by Scientists working in the FAO, WHO, WAHO, ICMR, and ICAR 

Antibiotic use in the livestock sector in India is responsible for the emergence and spread of AMR in India. It is said, “Application of antibiotics in the poultry and veterinary sectors is are very common practice in India.” This is misinformation because, despite holding a very large population of poultry birds and livestock, the use of antibiotics in the livestock sector is much less compared to other nations and India stands in fifth place after China, the US, Brazil and Germany and expected to stand at 4^th place in 2030 (Please see, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329828053_Who_is_responsible_for_Emergence_and_spread_of_AMR_How_to_handle_it). If we compare by global livestock population and antibiotic use in the livestock sector, India stands much behind having livestock population almost equal to Brazil, more than twice to that in the USA, and three times than in China and more than 11 times than in Germany (https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/cattle-population-by-country), and it stands last in the antibiotic user line after all the four largest antibiotics users (in livestock sector) of the world.

The livestock sector is the least contributor to the emergence and spread of AMR because

1.     Antibiotic use is minimal in the livestock sector in India despite the fact that antibiotics are available on-counter without prescription because livestock owners economically can’t afford the misuse of antibiotics.

2.     Rampant isolation of bacteria, from livestock, resistant to imipenem, meropenem and other carbapenems, chloramphenicol and tigecycline (rarely used in animals and can’t be used in animals due to too high cost) proves that AMR pathogens are flowing to livestock from the human side, not the vice a versa https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329828053_Who_is_responsible_for_Emergence_and_spread_of_AMR_How_to_handle_it.

Readers are suggested to read articles at the following links to understand the blame game played by the international community and greedy scientists of India:

1.     https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369627129_AMR_challenges_in_humans_from_animal_foods-_Facts_and_Myths

2.     https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313647307_Antimicrobial_Drug_Resistance_Pattern_of_Bacteria_Isolated_from_Cases_of_Abortion_and_Metritis_in_Animals

3.     https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299599050_Antimicrobial_and_herbal_drug_resistance_pattern_of_important_pathogens_of_animal_health_importance_at_Bareilly

4.     https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326247269_Who_is_responsible_for_Emerging_Antimicrobial_Drug_Resistance_Antibiotic_Use_in_Veterinary_Practice_or_Someone_Else

5.     https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329828053_Who_is_responsible_for_Emergence_and_spread_of_AMR_How_to_handle_it

The measures often suggested by scientists to control the emergence and spread of AMR in India are often misleading or partly erroneous because they are biased in their conscience. The biggest causes/ players of the emergence and spread of AMR are antibiotic-producing pharmaceuticals disposing of their wastes without treatment in the environment (https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2018-01-24/big-pharma-fails-to-disclose-waste-leaked-from-factories), circulation of fake or substandard antibiotics in Indian markets, and disposal of raw human excreta and hospital wastes without treatment in the environment, and much more (read at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326247269_Who_is_responsible_for_Emerging_Antimicrobial_Drug_Resistance_Antibiotic_Use_in_Veterinary_Practice_or_Someone_Else)