रोगाणुओं में एंटीबायोटिक प्रतिरोधकता और आयुर्वेदिक एंटीबायोटिक दवाएं: शोध की आवश्कता

            रोगाणुओं में एंटीबायोटिक प्रतिरोधकता और आयुर्वेदिक                                एंटीबायोटिक दवाएं: शोध की आवश्कता

डा. भोज राज सिंह

प्रधान वैज्ञानिक एवं विभागाध्यक्ष, जानपदिक रोग विभाग, भारतीय पशु चिकित्सा अनुसन्धान संस्थान, इज़्ज़तनगर, बरेली उत्तर प्रदेश   

Video link: https://youtu.be/VpBuQVKV1sw

दुनियाभर में चारों और एंटीबायोटिक दवाओं के बेअसर होने की ख़बरें आप अक्सर ही पढ़ते/ देखते होंगे, इसका कारण है जीवाणुओं की एंटीबायोटिक से भरे वातावरण में जीवित रहने की जद्दोजहद के चलते उनमे एंटीबायोटिक दवाओं के विरुद्ध प्रतिरोधक शक्ति का विकास. यह विकास कोई अनोखा नहीं है क्योकि सभी जीवधारी अपनी संतति को लगातार होते परिवर्तनों से मुकाबला करने के लिए सतत विकास की प्रक्रिया अपनाते हैं. यह विकास या तो अचानक ही किसी पूरी तरह से प्राकृतिक उत्परिवर्तन (म्युटेशन) की प्रक्रिया से, या फिर किसी पास या दूर के सम्बन्धी या सहयोगी से सम्मिलन स्वरुप होता है या फिर धीमे सतत विकास के स्वरुप जिसे अनुकूलन कहते हैं के कारण होता है.

      परन्तु अहम् प्रश्न यह है कि जीवाणुओं के वातावरण में ये एंटीबायोटिक दवाएं आती कहाँ से हैं?

१. एंटीबायोटिक दवाओं के गलत और जरूरत से ज्यादा मनुष्यों, पशुओं और पक्षियों के रोगों में उपचार के दौरान ये दवाएं मरीजों के विभिन्न उत्सर्जनों के द्वारा वातावरण में आ जाती हैं और अनुपचारित मल-आदि के रास्ते होती हुई नदियों, तालाबों, झीलों और समुद्रों में मिल जाती हैं. यह प्रदूषण वातावरण में फैलकर जीवाणुओं को अनुकूलन के लिए बाध्य करता है.

२.  एंटीबायोटिक का अनावश्यक तौर पर पशुओं और पक्षियों के उत्पादन में लगातार बढ़ता प्रयोग भी वातावरण को लगातार एंटीबायोटिक के बोझ तले दबा रहा है.

३. मनुष्यों द्वारा एंटीसेप्टिक पदार्थों का लगातार बढ़ता उपयोग जैसे कि हस्त-पक्षालक (हैंड सैनिटाइज़र्स), एंटीसेप्टिक साबुन, पाउडर आदि, ये सभी भी जीवाणुओं को एंटीबायोटिक से भरे वातावरण में अनुकूलन के लिए बाध्य करते हैं.

४. बाजार में नकली या अवमानक एंटीबायोटिक दवाओं का प्रचलन होने से एंटीबायोटिक दवाएं कम मात्रा में पहुंचकर वातावरण में या फिर बीमारों  के शरीर में उपस्थित जीवाणुओं को अनुकूलन के लिए उपयुक्त वातावरण के निर्माण करती हैं.

५. वातावरण के एंटीबायोटिक दवाओं से प्रदूषित होने का एक सबसे बड़ा कारण है एंटीबायोटिक, डिसइंफेक्टेंट और एंटीसेप्टिक बनाने वाले संस्थानों / फार्मा कंपनियों द्वारा अपशिष्टों का बिना उपचार किये ही वातावरण (नदिओं, नालों और झीलों) में छोड़ दिया जाना. वैज्ञानिक अध्यनों में पाया गया है कि गिर के जंगलों और हैदराबाद के पास वाले जंगलों में, जहाँ की फार्मा-कंपनियों के बड़े गढ़ या केंद्र हैं, बहुत से वन्य प्राणियों में सुपरबग (सभी या ज्यादातर एंटीबायोटिक दवाओं के लिए प्रतिरोधी रोगाणु) के संक्रमण ही मृत्यु का सबसे बड़े कारण होते हैं, इन जंगलों से प्रवाहित नदियों के पानी में उपस्थित एंटीबायोटिक और एंटीसेप्टिक सुपरबग के उदभवों के विकास के लिए उपयुक्त वातावरण का निर्माण करती हैं. 

यह तो सीधी सी बात है कि किस तरह से हम सुपरबग के विकास और फैलाव को रोक सकते हैं परन्तु अनवरत, तेज और सस्ते विकास कि चाह यह सब नहीं करने देगी. अतः विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन ने दशकों पहले सलाह दी थी कि एंटीबायोटिक दवाइयों के विकल्प तलाशे जाएँ. फिर चहुँ ओर आयुर्वैदिक और अन्य प्राचीन उपचार के तरीकों से संक्रमण को रोकने के बारें में शोध में बाढ़ सी आ गई, ओर अधकचरे शोधों के फ़लस्वरूम बहुत सी कंपनियां वैकल्पिक आयुर्वेदिक एंटीबायोटिक्स के नाम पर उत्पाद बनाने लगीं.

भारतीय पशु चिकित्सा अनुसन्धान संस्थान इज़्ज़तनगर से २०२२ में प्रकाशित एक शोध (Singh et al., 2022), जो भारतीय बाजार में उपलब्ध दो सबसे ज्यादा उपयोग होने वाली आयुर्वेदिक एंटीबायोटिक दवाओं, फीफाट्रोल (ऐमिली फार्मा निर्मित) ओर सेप्टिलिन (हिमालय ड्रग कंपनी द्वारा निर्मित) के जीवाणुओं पर उनके संक्रमण रोकने की शक्ति को समझने के लिए किया गया था, उससे पता लगा कि ये दवाएं सिर्फ एक तिहाई रोगाणुओं को ही रोकने में सक्षम थीं अतः हम एक भ्रम में जी रहे हैं कि ये दवाएं हमें संक्रमण से बचा रही हैं या फिर बचा सकती हैं. प्रकाशित अध्ययन में इन दवाइयों के २२ प्रजातियों के ८० रोगाणुओं पर परीक्षण का विवरण है. विवरण से विदित होता है कि इन दोनों दवाईयों से कहीं ज्यादा रोगाणुरोधी तो तुलसी का तेल है जो ८६% से ज्यादा रोगाणुओं को समाप्त करने में सक्षम है. दोनों ही दवाइयों के जलीय अर्क में किसी जीवाणु को मारने की शक्ति नहीं थी जो भी शक्ति थी वो सिर्फ ऐलकोहालिक अर्क में ही थी

    इस अध्ययन से यह भी लगता है कि आयुर्वैदिक एंटीबायोटिक दवाइयों के गुणवत्ता मानक ना होने से उपभोक्ता को आसानी से भ्रमित ओर ठगे जाने की संभावना रहती है.

   इस अध्ययन की सबसे बड़ी कमी यह है कि इसमें आयुर्वेदिक दवाइयों को एलोपैथिक दवाइयों के जांचने के तरीके जांचा गया है जबकि हम जानते हैं कि आयुर्वेद ओर एलोपथिक विधाओं में रोग कि उत्पत्ति ओर उनके उपचार में सैद्धांतिक विभिन्नता है अतः दवाइयों की प्रभाविकता जांचने तरीके भी भिन्न होने चाहिएं परन्तु आयुर्वेदिक आचार्यों ने औषधियों कि गुणवत्ता जांचने के लिए उस तरह तरीके विकसित नहीं किये जैसे कि एलोपथिक विधा के वैज्ञानिकों ने किये हैं. अतः यह अध्ययन आयुर्वेद में औषधियों की गुणवत्ता जांचने के उचित तरीकों के विकास की आवश्यकता को भी इंगित करता है.

References 

1. Singh BR et al. Evaluation of Fifatrol, Septilin, Giloy (Guduchi, Tinospora cordifolia) and Oils of Guggul (Balsamodendron mukul) and Holy Basil (Tulsi, Ocimum sanctum) for their Antimicrobial Potential. Acta Scientific Microbiology. 5.10(2022): 31-41.

Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364358447_Evaluation_of_Fifatrol_Septilin_Giloy_Guduchi_Tinospora_cordifolia_and_Oils_of_Guggul_Balsamodendron_mukul_and_Holy_Basil_Tulsi_Ocimum_sanctum_for_their_Antimicrobial_Potential)

2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329828053_Who_is_responsible_for_Emergence_and_spread_of_AMR_How_to_handle_it 

3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274570042_Multiple-herbal-antimicrobial-resistance_MHAR_in_microbes_of_animals_birds_fish_food_lizard_and_water_origin

4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264165886_Emergence_of_antimicrobial_drug_resistance_is_mandatory_for_life_on_the_earth

Holy Cow Urine: A Reality Test :: Are all claims hoaxes only?

 Holy Cow Urine: A Reality Test

Are all claims hoaxes only?

By: Dr. Sandeep Pahal, Advocate

For the last several years Holy Cow Protection through claiming the utility of Holy Cows’ urine has been a main target and two miniseries of the Central Govt of India, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, and Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, and also other organizations (Kamdhenu Ayog; Indian Council of Agricultural Research) under their control have made several claims proving the invaluable benefits of Holy Cow Urine. Their recommendations and claims say that Holy Cow urine is more valuable than Holy Cow milk and Holy Cows (Deshi/ indigenous cows) though produces less milk, should be reared economically for the production of Urine instead of milk. In the recent past, Cow Urine has been claimed to be a Boon and Amrit for Humans by none but the Director and a Team of nine senior Scientists of the premier Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India) and also by other institutions of two miniseries and many other institutions got economically supported by the two ministries. Amrit claiming news are often big news in national media (https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/health/cow-urine-can-be-a-boon-for-humans-ivri-505682; https://telanganatoday.com/cow-urine-can-be-a-boon-for-humans-ivri; https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1077560; https://m.sakshipost.com/news/cow-urine-can-be-boon-humans-ivri-187205; https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/05/08/nationalnews/cow-urine-can-be-a-boon-for-humans-finds-ivri/; https://menafn.com/1106192033/Cow-Urine-Can-Be-A-Boon-For-Humans-IVRI; https://zeenews.india.com/india/cow-urine-can-be-boon-for-humans-vet-research-body-2604226.html; https://hindupost.in/science-technology/cow-urine-extract-from-indigenous-breeds-rich-in-anti-bacterial-and-anti-fungal-properties-ivri-scientists/; https://www.livehindustan.com/national/story-cow-urine-extract-a-boon-for-humans-said-ivri-scientists-research-8092840.html; https://atarikanpur.icar.gov.in/devrat.pdf) and people are quite enthusiastic and confused about the real value of Holy Cow Urine.

Protection of the Holy cow, though accepted and required need for ages in India, its implementation on the basis of scientific knowledge and modern animal husbandry lines has never been truly attempted as envisaged in our constitution. Article 48 of the Constitution provides the legal grounds for prohibiting cow slaughter and states that “The state shall endeavor to organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take steps for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle.” However, instead of science, pseudoscience, false beliefs, and religious considerations have been used to mobilize Indian masses to promote Holy Cow Protection which led to many cases of religious riots, lynching, and religious atrocities country-wide. Recently, The Supreme Court of India refused to pass directions to prohibit the slaughter of cow progeny, stating that the issue falls within the domain of the legislature (https://www.barandbench.com/news/perfect-game-played-parties-madras-high-court-initiates-case-against-discharge-ministers-involved-disproportionate-assets-case).

To understand the reality of the utility of cow urine (claimed nectar value of by various Institutions) an RTI was filed to know how ICAR under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, and Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying are utilizing thousands of tonnes of the Nectar/ Amrit excreted every day by cows reared at their livestock farms. The information was asked on the following points:

1.     1.  Number of cows reared in different Institutes

2.      2. Amount of cow urine collected from cows every year by institutes at point 1.

3.      3. Amount of cow urine wasted every year by institutes at point 1.

4.      4. Revenue earned from cow urine every year by institutes at point 1.

5.      5. Value addition products developed by institutes at point 1.

6.      6. Technologies developed and transferred for value addition of cow urine by institutes at point 1.

7.      7. Copy of the blueprint if any developed to use the claimed Boon or Amrit, the cow Urine, produced at the different Institutes at point one and others

The reply from the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying was disheartening and read as,

“Total number of cows reared in all the institutes of DAHD 709. Urine is not being collected by the institutes. As it does not come under the mandate of the Institutes. No value-added products are produced in these institutes. No blueprint is available for the claimed boon or Amrit”.

A similar reply was also provided by Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar; and National Dairy Research Institute Karnal under ICAR in the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. 

IVRI PME Reply in reference to PMOPG/D/2023/0154089 grievance lodged at CPGRAM portal

The reply from CIRC Meerut reads

What can be concluded from their replies under RTI?

1.  A. There is nothing like nectar or Amrit in Holy cow urine and it is just a hoax to fool the people of India if anything, valuable is there:

1.      Why the Indian National Institutions rearing thousands of Holy cows have not yet taken any benefit of the claimed nectar?

2.     Why the Indian National Institutions are wasting the wealth of India, allowing it to flow into the drains of their livestock farms?

3.      Why do none of the Indian National Institutions extract Gold or harvested Nectar or Amrit out of Holy cow urine available with them in thousands of Liters every day?

4. Why there is no viable technology on the ground or in the pipeline to harvest the nectar value of holy cow urine?

5. Why did none of the two ministries advocating the protection of holy cows order Institutes under their control to harvest the nectar from the goldmines (holy cows) available with them?

6. Why has none of the Institutions of the government yet developed a viable model to make aged, sick, and non-productive cows worthy to be reared till their natural death? Why they are selling such (declared useless) cows instead of mining gold or harvesting nectar from them?

2.     B. People are fooled to drink Holy cow urine telling them only imaginary benefits or half-truths. If not, why holy cow urine is not served instead of tea/ coffee/ cold drinks and other valuable drinks served in Government official meetings every day? Why has Holy cow urine not yet been declared the National Drink of India by the Government of India?

3.   C. Most of the Indian National Institutions are faking research and burning funds on Holy cow urine. If not, why they have not come forward to prove its utility at their own premises? 

4.     D. The Indian National Institutions doing research on Holy cows’ urine are doing it to fulfill some sociopolitical agenda by creating pseudoscience.

5    E. Scientists working to prove the utility of holy cow urine have lost their scientific temper to educate people to come out of their false beliefs and harm the holy cow to the maximum extent.

        F. Holy cow Scientists are either creating Fool's Paradise or living there. 

    There is an urgent need for intervention at the National level to save true science in India from fast propagating fake/ pseudoscience else it will be too late to be worthwhile in the modern era of science. There should be an immediate ban on funding of fake holy cow urine science else the scientists engaged and making claims be ordered to set a viable example of their claims.

Making of a Dictator

 Regarding the evolution of a dictator, it is said that some childhood trauma leads to skewed mental development culminating in the development of antisocial behavior, (psychologically defined as sociopath and psychopath), which is the root cause of the birth of a dictator. The reality is far away from understanding as each and every dictator has its own realm of life and childhood and in the same realm, one evolves as a dictator and the other as a sociopath, psychopath, depressed, or suicidal. It seems to me that it is all destiny of an individual, not in the individual's control. 

To be a dictator one must harness muscle power (local Gunda), political Power (State level or National level leader), and wealth (global touts). The one who holds all three sources of power to rule then becomes the real dictator. However, dictators have some common characteristics and common ways of ruling.

History says about political dictators that every dictator first talks of nationalism and captivates people (creating Andhbhakts). They win the elections by engaging people in issueless politics, and through manipulating elections by hook or crook, eliminating their opponents even of their own party (in reality they are not for a party but exploit the party for themselves). 

The top 20 world-famous dictators are listed as:

Joseph Stalin, Saddam Hussein, Adolf Hitler,  Benito Mussolini,  Idi Amin, Mao Zedong, Fidel Castro, Kim Jong-il, Kim Jong Un, Muammar Gaddafi, Kim Il-sung, Nicolae Ceaușescu, Francisco Franco, Augusto Pinochet, Bashar al-Assad, Napoleon Bonaparte, Ferdinand Marcos, Nikita Khrushchev, Robert Mugabe. Robert Mugabe, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Julius Caesar, and François Duvalier.

    However,  from Indian history, no one is listed as a dictator despite the fact their existence from Satyug to Kalyug, Manu to Democratic RamRajya karta, Vedik to the Modern era. It is probably that we are expert sinners, captivated historians, and nurtured flatterer historians. Or we are experts in hiding everything from diseases to sins to humanity. Or the World considers us subhuman not to be included in human history. Or we are experts in painting every dictator of ours as another God, and who can speak against God. In most parts of India and most of the time periods, it was Raj-shahi or autocracy and another name for dictatorship is autocracy thus it was not worth mentioning the dictators of India. 

    It is now not necessary to rule people only through muscle power or political power, economic power is now the mother of all powers, and one who holds it, can rule over even dictators. The modern era is facing the biggest-ever economic dictatorship where a few hold wealth equivalent to >90% of the rest and make the world spin on a few coins rolled by those few.

Note: The above write-up may be blinkered due to my Socialist political inclination, and it is supplemented by other learned people. 

Dr. Krishnendu Kundu added, 

The British Monarchy, Spanish Monarchy, Dutch Monarchy, Sultanates, and Islamic Kingdoms of the Middle East should also be called dictatorships. What about the capitalist dictatorship of a few powerful conglomerates in the so-called world's most powerful democracy (Soros/Rothschild family)? Above is the coat of arms of the Rothschilds the oldest Jewish mafia, who funded Biden and  Kamala; funded the Coronavirus mutation research through their pet George Soros, Via Pfizer, where the greatest philanthropist of present times Mr. Bill Gates also holds shares.

    They funded the creation of a new state of Rhodesia in Africa to expand their monopolistic mining operations. Well, they also fund the visits of some intellectuals and politicians to Harvard/ Cambridge/ Oxford/ various conventions, etc. Is it, not an autocratic way? For autocracy, one does not need to be in the mainstream of power.

Further, Dr. Saikumar added

Agreed, autocracy can very easily switch to dictatorship. But, be it in Kings' rule or democratic dispensation, when subjects mute themselves and keep increasing their tolerance level, democracy can also turn to dictatorship. Andh-Bhakts have blinkered vision, I suppose.

Some facts:

• The bottom 50 percent earned Rs 53,610, while the top 10 percent earned over 20 times more (Rs 11,66,520)
• The top 10% of the population holds 57% of the total income while the bottom 50% share has gone down to 13%.
• The average household wealth in India is Rs 9, 83,010, with the bottom 50 percent owning almost nothing, with an average wealth of 6 percent of the total Rs 66,280. (https://www.nextias.com/current-affairs/08-12-2021/world-inequality-report-2022)
• The more developed the nation, the more inequality as 69 percent of the total wealth in the United States was owned by the top 10 percent of earners. In comparison, the lowest 50 percent of earners only owned 2.4 percent of the total wealth.